Learn the essential elements of a comprehensive tenant background check. From credit and criminal history to rental references and employment verification, discover how to screen effectively while staying compliant with housing laws.
By Unknown
Published on 2024-11-25
As a property manager, HOA board member, condominium owner, or rental property investor, you understand the importance of tenant selection. It's a critical process that can significantly impact the success of your property management efforts.
One key aspect of tenant selection is conducting a comprehensive background check. But what exactly should you include in your background check for rental properties?
This guide aims to answer that question. It will delve into the various components of a thorough tenant background screening. It will also provide insights into what a background check shows for rental purposes.
The goal is to equip you with the knowledge and tools necessary to conduct effective background checks. This will help you protect your investment, ensure regulatory compliance, and maintain tenant satisfaction.
We'll explore the legal considerations and compliance requirements associated with tenant screening. We'll also discuss the role of credit reports, rental history checks, and criminal background checks in assessing a tenant's suitability.
We'll delve into the importance of employment verification, eviction history checks, and identity verification. We'll also touch on the necessity of checking for sex offender registry information.
This guide will provide actionable strategies for obtaining consent for background checks. It will also offer tips on interpreting background check reports and handling negative findings.
We'll discuss the importance of consistent screening policies and the benefits of using professional tenant screening services. We'll also cover the potential consequences of skipping a background check and how to establish criteria for tenant selection.
We'll address the importance of privacy and data security in handling tenant information. We'll also discuss the role of state and local laws in shaping background check requirements.
By the end of this guide, you'll have a comprehensive understanding of what to include in your background check for rental properties. You'll be better equipped to manage your properties effectively, ensuring the smooth operation of your HOA, COA, or rental properties.
So, let's dive in and explore the world of tenant background screening.
Tenant background screening is a crucial process for property managers and landlords. It's more than just a formality; it ensures the safety and stability of rental communities.
This process helps to protect property investments by identifying suitable tenants. By thoroughly vetting potential renters, property managers can make informed decisions.
Screening can help prevent costly issues, such as property damage and eviction proceedings. It can also reduce tenant turnover and enhance community harmony.
A comprehensive background check reveals a potential tenant's rental history and financial habits. It may also provide insights into their character and reliability.
One of the key reasons for background checks is to comply with local and federal regulations. Tenant screening helps ensure adherence to housing laws, minimizing legal risks.
To effectively screen tenants, property managers should consider various background check components. These may include credit reports, rental history, and criminal records.
The screening process can be extensive, involving several key elements:
By focusing on these areas, landlords can safeguard their investments and foster a safe living environment. These efforts ultimately contribute to tenant satisfaction and property reputation.
Legal compliance is a significant aspect of tenant background screening. Adhering to relevant laws ensures fairness and protects property managers from legal repercussions.
The Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) governs the use of consumer reports for rental decisions. It mandates certain obligations that landlords must follow during the screening process.
Consent from tenants is a critical component of this legal framework. Property managers must obtain written permission before conducting background checks.
Landlords should provide prospective tenants with disclosure notices, which explain the screening process. This practice helps to maintain transparency and trust.
If a background check leads to an adverse decision, landlords are required to provide an adverse action notice. This notice explains the reasons for denial, offering tenants an opportunity to dispute the findings.
Remaining compliant with anti-discrimination laws is also essential. These laws prevent landlords from making rental decisions based on race, gender, or other protected characteristics.
Credit reports play a vital role in assessing a tenant's financial responsibility. They offer insights into a potential renter's fiscal habits and reliability.
A credit report contains information about a person's credit history, including debts and payment patterns. It provides a snapshot of their financial behavior.
Credit scores, derived from credit reports, can indicate a tenant's creditworthiness. Higher scores suggest a history of timely payments and responsible credit use.
Landlords can use credit reports to gauge whether a tenant will pay rent consistently. This assessment is crucial for reducing the risk of rental income loss.
Understanding a tenant's credit report can also reveal outstanding debts or financial struggles. This data helps property managers decide if the tenant fits the desired profile.
While credit scores are informative, they should not be the sole factor in rental decisions. Balancing credit information with other screening elements ensures a comprehensive evaluation.
Rental history checks are essential for understanding a potential tenant's past behavior. These checks shed light on their previous rental experiences and interactions with landlords.
A rental history check involves contacting former landlords to inquire about the tenant's conduct. This includes their payment history, lease compliance, and any disputes.
Consistent late payments or lease violations can raise red flags for prospective landlords. These issues may indicate a higher risk of future problems.
Positive rental references can assure landlords of a tenant's reliability and respectful property use. Satisfied past landlords might commend the tenant's punctual payments and good behavior.
It's vital for property managers to verify the authenticity of references. Ensuring that references are genuine helps maintain the integrity of the screening process.
By examining rental history, landlords gain valuable insights into a tenant's past. This information aids in making informed rental decisions and maintaining property stability.
Criminal background checks offer an additional layer of security in the tenant screening process. They help landlords identify potential safety risks associated with prospective tenants.
These checks reveal a tenant's criminal history, such as past arrests or convictions. This information is crucial for protecting the community and other tenants.
However, landlords must approach criminal background screening with care. Unfairly denying applicants based on criminal records may result in discriminatory practices.
Several state and local laws regulate the use of criminal background information in rental decisions. Landlords should remain aware of these regulations to ensure compliance.
While a criminal record may pose concerns, not all offenses carry equal weight. Landlords should consider the nature and timing of past offenses when evaluating applicants.
Balancing public safety with fair housing practices is key to successful tenant screening. A nuanced approach allows property managers to make well-informed decisions.
Employment verification is a significant factor in evaluating a tenant's ability to pay rent. Confirming a prospective renter's income and job stability is crucial for assessing financial reliability.
The process involves checking the applicant's current employment status. Landlords typically request verification through pay stubs or employer confirmation letters.
Verifying consistent income helps landlords ensure that the tenant can meet monthly rental obligations. This step reduces the risk of non-payment and financial disputes.
Employment verification also provides insight into the tenant's job stability. Long-term employment may indicate a higher likelihood of consistent rent payments.
While current income is vital, property managers should also consider the potential for job loss. A holistic assessment ensures a comprehensive understanding of the tenant's financial situation.
It's essential to balance employment verification with other screening factors. This approach ensures a well-rounded evaluation of the tenant's suitability.
Eviction history checks are another crucial component of tenant screening. They help landlords assess past eviction experiences and their potential impact on future tenancies.
An eviction record can signal problems such as non-payment of rent or lease violations. These issues may indicate a higher risk for future conflicts or rental income loss.
However, not every eviction history should disqualify an applicant. Landlords should consider the circumstances and timing of past evictions when evaluating tenants.
Understanding the context of eviction can provide insights into the tenant's past behavior. Temporary financial hardships or disputes might offer reasonable explanations.
Eviction records can sometimes contain errors or inaccuracies. Property managers should verify these records and allow tenants an opportunity to explain or dispute them.
By carefully evaluating eviction history, landlords can make informed decisions. This step helps ensure stable tenancies and minimizes the risk of future conflicts.
Identity verification is a key step in preventing rental fraud and protecting property investments. It ensures that applicants are who they claim to be during the screening process.
Landlords can verify identity using government-issued IDs, such as driver's licenses or passports. Cross-referencing information with application details is crucial.
Identity verification helps prevent the submission of falsified information or stolen identities. This step protects landlords from potential fraud and deceit.
Besides verifying identity, landlords should also ensure the accuracy of all application information. This includes checking addresses and contact details.
Fraud prevention is essential for maintaining the integrity of the rental process. By taking preventive measures, property managers safeguard their assets and reputation.
A diligent approach to identity verification and fraud prevention enhances tenant trust. It ensures a transparent and fair screening process for all parties.
Checking sex offender registry information is another step in ensuring community safety. It provides critical insights into potential tenant risks.
Access to sex offender registries is public, allowing landlords to verify a tenant's status. This information is vital for protecting other residents and the neighborhood.
It's crucial for landlords to balance safety with fair treatment. Not all offenses pose a threat, and some registrants may represent no ongoing risk.
Landlords should understand state and local regulations regarding the use of this data in rental decisions. Compliance with these laws ensures fairness and legality.
Deciding on an applicant requires careful consideration of the registry information. Landlords must weigh the nature and severity of offenses alongside housing laws.
Ultimately, understanding sex offender registry information helps landlords make informed choices. This step contributes to creating a safe living environment for all tenants.
Conducting a comprehensive background check is essential for effective tenant screening. This process helps landlords make informed decisions and maintain property integrity.
First, define the criteria for a successful applicant. Clear standards will guide the screening process. Determine which factors are most important, such as creditworthiness and rental history.
Next, use reliable methods for gathering background information. Modern technology offers various tools for efficient data collection. These resources enhance accuracy and save time.
Here's a general checklist for a comprehensive background check:
Considering each element on this list is crucial. A thorough screening process reduces the risk of tenant-related issues.
Data privacy and security are also vital. Protect applicant information by following best practices for handling sensitive data. Proper data management fosters trust and compliance.
Communicate your screening process to applicants. Transparency ensures fairness and may prevent misunderstandings. Explain the criteria and results clearly.
When you integrate these steps effectively, you can select tenants who align with property goals. Comprehensive checks lay the foundation for stable and secure tenancies.
Before initiating a background check, landlords must obtain tenant consent. This legal step ensures transparency and protects both parties' rights.
Consent is typically gathered through a written document. This form explains the scope and purpose of the background check. It also grants permission to conduct various checks.
Make sure to disclose the types of screenings you plan to perform. Clarity about the checks strengthens the applicant's understanding and trust in your process.
The Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) mandates consent as a requirement. Adhering to the FCRA protects landlords from legal issues.
It is important to provide applicants with their rights regarding screening results. Inform them about their right to dispute inaccurate information.
Obtaining consent sets a professional tone for the landlord-tenant relationship. It ensures that all involved parties are on the same page.
Interpreting credit scores is a vital part of tenant screening. These scores offer insights into a potential tenant's financial reliability.
Credit reports detail credit accounts, debts, and payment behaviors. This information helps assess a tenant's ability to manage finances responsibly.
A healthy credit score, often considered in the 700s, suggests financial stability. Lower scores may signal prior challenges or ongoing financial issues.
However, scores should not be the only measure. Analyze the entire financial picture, including outstanding debts and payment histories.
Consider credit scores alongside other factors like income and employment. Comprehensive assessments provide a more accurate view of a tenant's situation.
Discuss credit findings with applicants if needed. Some may have legitimate reasons for past financial difficulties.
Evaluating rental history offers insights into past tenant behaviors. This information helps predict future interactions with tenants.
Contact former landlords to gather details about the tenant's reliability. Valuable insights can include payment timeliness and property upkeep.
A consistent record of paying rent punctually highlights tenant accountability. Contrarily, patterns of late payments or disputes suggest potential risks.
Eviction history can be particularly telling. Evictions often stem from non-payment or lease violations, and can indicate future problems.
It's important to verify the accuracy of rental history details. Mistakes or outdated information might skew your evaluation.
Understanding a tenant's rental history aids in selecting reliable tenants. This step helps ensure stable and harmonious tenant relationships.
A criminal background check is part of ensuring a safe rental community. It highlights potential risks associated with a prospective tenant.
Look for prior convictions that may affect community safety. Violent crimes or offenses involving property damage are notable concerns.
Remember to comply with state and local regulations regarding criminal records. Laws often dictate how this information can be used in rental decisions.
Consider the context of an applicant's criminal background. Time elapsed since an offense and its nature should influence your decisions.
Fair housing practices require that screening does not disproportionately impact protected groups. Strive to balance safety with fairness.
Use criminal records carefully and constructively. This approach aids in making informed and equitable decisions.
Verifying employment confirms a tenant's ability to pay rent. Steady income sources are crucial for rental payment consistency.
Request documents that prove income, such as pay stubs or tax returns. These allow verification of both earnings and employment status.
Speak directly with employers when possible. Verifying employment status ensures accuracy and provides additional job stability insights.
Assess overall employment history to gauge long-term stability. A history of stable employment often suggests dependable financial behavior.
Be mindful of privacy when handling employment information. Protect sensitive data while obtaining the necessary verification.
Thorough employment checks contribute to confidence in selecting reliable tenants. This step minimizes the likelihood of payment issues.
Personal references offer added insights into a tenant's character. They provide qualitative information that complements other screening data.
Request references from individuals familiar with the applicant, such as employers or previous landlords. These insights can affirm or challenge initial impressions.
Ask references specific questions related to reliability and interpersonal skills. This information may suggest how the tenant will interact within the community.
Verify the legitimacy of all provided references. Ensuring credible sources maintains screening accuracy and integrity.
Refrain from over-relying on personal references alone. Use them in conjunction with other screening elements for a balanced evaluation.
The feedback from personal references enriches the tenant profile. It aids in building a comprehensive understanding of prospective tenants.
Implementing best practices in tenant screening enhances property management effectiveness. These practices ensure consistency, fairness, and compliance.
Establish clear screening policies before tenant selection begins. Clear guidelines help maintain objectivity and consistency in decision-making processes.
Policies should align with legal requirements and the Fair Housing Act. Consistency in execution also protects against discrimination claims.
Here's a concise list of best practices for tenant background checks:
Regularly evaluate and update your tenant screening methods. Laws and market conditions change, requiring adaptations for compliance and relevance.
Communication is key. Inform potential tenants of your screening process from the outset, ensuring transparency and understanding.
Creating robust tenant screening policies sets the foundation for effective management. These policies guide decision-making and ensure fairness.
Start by outlining key criteria for tenant selection. Criteria may include credit scores, rental history, employment stability, and references.
Prioritize legal compliance when forming policies. Adhere to federal, state, and local regulations to avoid legal complications.
Clearly document each policy aspect. Written policies serve as a reference for consistency and help protect against liability.
Review policies regularly to incorporate changes in laws or management objectives. Regular updates keep practices current and effective.
Train your team on the established policies. Ensure everyone involved in the screening process is well-versed in the procedures.
Professional screening services offer expertise and efficiency in tenant background checks. They provide comprehensive reports and insights quickly.
These services use advanced technology to access numerous databases. This technology streamlines data collection and enhances accuracy.
Hiring professional services reduces the risk of missing critical information. Their expertise ensures a thorough and legal screening process.
Select a reputable screening service with a solid track record. Evaluate providers based on their transparency, experience, and compliance with regulations.
While services come at a cost, they often save time and minimize errors. The investment is worthwhile for ensuring tenant reliability.
Using professionals allows property managers to focus on other responsibilities. Letting experts handle screenings enhances overall property management.
Negative findings in a background check can be challenging. However, how you handle them is crucial for fairness and legality.
First, verify the accuracy of all findings. Errors in reports are possible and should be corrected before making decisions.
Communicate with the prospective tenant about negative findings. Provide them with an opportunity to explain or contest the information.
Maintain transparency and document all communications. Clear records provide protection against any potential disputes later.
Offer a consistent dispute resolution process. Applicants should know how to address inaccuracies or disagreements with findings.
Remain objective and assess the overall tenant application. Negative findings do not automatically disqualify a tenant if they have redeeming qualities.
Protecting applicant data privacy is crucial in background screening. Handling sensitive information responsibly is a legal and ethical obligation.
Secure data storage and transmission are vital. Use encrypted systems to protect information from unauthorized access or breaches.
Access to sensitive data should be limited to authorized personnel only. Clearly define roles and responsibilities within your team.
Regularly audit your data handling processes. These audits ensure compliance with data privacy laws and identify potential vulnerabilities.
Educate staff on privacy practices and legal requirements. Training helps everyone understand the importance of maintaining confidentiality.
Assure applicants that their information is secure. Transparency in privacy practices builds trust and encourages honest applications.
Compliance with housing laws is non-negotiable in tenant screening. It ensures fairness and protects against legal consequences.
Start by understanding relevant laws like the Fair Housing Act and the Fair Credit Reporting Act. Awareness is the first step to compliance.
Consult with legal experts if needed. Professional advice helps interpret complex regulations and integrate them into policies.
Develop clear, non-discriminatory practices for tenant selection. Equal treatment of all applicants is a cornerstone of compliance.
Regular training keeps your team informed about legal requirements. Ongoing education ensures policies remain aligned with current laws.
Stay updated on changes in housing laws and regulations. Laws can vary by state and locality, requiring tailored approaches.
Documentation of the screening process provides a clear audit trail. It enhances transparency, accountability, and legal protection.
Begin with a detailed record of your screening policies and procedures. Clear documentation lays the groundwork for consistent application.
Keep comprehensive notes and records for each applicant. Include background check results, communications, and decision rationale.
Organized documentation assists with defending against potential claims. It demonstrates fairness and compliance in your tenant selection process.
Make records easily accessible for team members involved in screening. Availability simplifies the review and decision-making process.
Regularly review and update documentation practices. Ensuring they remain efficient and legally compliant is critical to property management success.
Background checks are a crucial part of tenant screening. However, they also come with various challenges and limitations.
Understanding these limitations can improve your screening process. It helps you manage potential obstacles efficiently and effectively.
One common challenge is dealing with incomplete information. Background reports may sometimes lack details due to limited data sources.
Navigating privacy laws is another hurdle. Protecting applicant privacy while obtaining necessary information requires careful handling.
Here are some key challenges to keep in mind:
These challenges require property managers to remain vigilant and adaptable. Applying best practices can mitigate many issues.
It's vital to keep communication open with applicants. Clarifying your process and addressing concerns builds trust and transparency.
Regularly reviewing your screening methods ensures they meet current standards. This continuous improvement maintains the integrity of background checks.
Tenant privacy is a major concern during background checks. Ensuring data protection is not just a legal requirement but also an ethical one.
Begin by informing applicants about the data you will collect. Transparency from the start helps alleviate concerns about privacy.
Clearly explain how their data will be used. Applicants should know why each piece of information is necessary.
Secure handling of data is fundamental. Use secure systems for storing and processing sensitive information.
Limit access to applicant data to essential personnel only. Control over who sees this data reduces the risk of unauthorized access.
Educate your team on privacy policies and procedures. Well-informed staff are crucial in maintaining high privacy standards.
Regular audits and reviews of data privacy practices are essential. These checks ensure that your processes remain compliant and robust.
Background checks are not foolproof. Occasionally, inaccuracies can occur in reports, and addressing them is vital for fairness.
Start by validating information received. Errors should be corrected before any final decisions are made about tenancy.
If inaccuracies arise, provide applicants the opportunity to appeal. They deserve the chance to clarify or dispute erroneous information.
Maintain open communication throughout the appeal process. Transparency helps manage expectations and build rapport with applicants.
Document all appeals and the outcomes. Keeping detailed records provides a clear trail and ensures accountability.
Handling these situations diligently upholds fairness in the screening process. It also protects against potential legal repercussions.
Finally, routinely assess the reliability of your information sources. Partner with reputable background check providers to reduce errors.
Tenant screening is subject to varying laws across states and localities. These variations can significantly impact your background check procedures.
Familiarize yourself with specific regulations in your area. Understanding these rules ensures you remain compliant and avoid legal issues.
Consider consulting legal experts who specialize in housing regulations. Their insights can clarify complex legal requirements.
Update your screening policies to align with any local or state changes. Regular updates keep your practices legally sound and effective.
Communicate any regulatory impacts to your team. Knowledgeable staff can more effectively apply screening procedures.
Be proactive in monitoring legislative updates. Laws can change rapidly, especially in housing and tenant rights areas.
Understanding and complying with these variations enhances your credibility. It ensures fairness and legal adherence in the screening process.
Efficiency is essential in tenant screening, but it should not compromise thoroughness. Striking a balance improves decision-making and operations.
Prioritize screening elements based on criteria significance. This focus saves time by addressing the most critical factors first.
Integrate technology to streamline background check processes. Automation tools can expedite data gathering and analysis efficiently.
Time management is key. Allocate sufficient time for comprehensive assessments to avoid rushed or incomplete reviews.
Evaluate each step of your screening process for redundancy. Eliminating unnecessary tasks can expedite without losing depth in analysis.
Set realistic turnaround times for screening tasks. Predictable timelines help manage both applicant expectations and internal workloads.
Regularly review your screening process for efficiency improvements. Ongoing refinement ensures practices remain effective and competitive.
Incorporating technology and professional resources into background checks can significantly enhance efficiency and accuracy. Advanced tools offer streamlined processes and comprehensive data analysis.
For property managers, leveraging technology can mean the difference between a labor-intensive process and a seamless one. Many software solutions are available to simplify tenant screening.
Professional resources provide an added layer of expertise. Utilizing screening professionals ensures compliance and thoroughness.
Key benefits of technology and professional resources include:
These tools and services are invaluable in maintaining a high standard of tenant vetting.
Integrating these resources into your management strategy results in effective, streamlined background screening. It allows property managers to focus on other essential tasks.
The right combination of technology and professional insight supports superior property management. It safeguards against the risks of inadequate tenant screening.
Integrating background checks with property management software fosters a seamless and efficient process. This technology reduces manual data entry and streamlines workflows.
Property management software offers centralized data storage. It organizes information and provides easy access to tenant details.
Automated alerts and reminders help track applicant progress. Ensuring timely follow-ups becomes convenient with such features.
Moreover, software platforms often have built-in compliance checks. These ensure that all procedures meet the relevant legal requirements.
Integration enhances communication with applicants. Instant notifications keep potential tenants informed about their application status.
Furthermore, many software solutions offer mobile access. Property managers can conduct screenings on the go, improving efficiency.
Choosing a software platform that aligns with your needs is crucial. Evaluate features and functionalities that support your screening objectives.
Selecting the right background check provider is vital for effective tenant screening. Providers differ in services and reliability.
Start by evaluating a provider's reputation. Look for reviews and testimonials from other property managers.
Examine the provider's range of services. Comprehensive checks cover financial, criminal, and rental history aspects thoroughly.
Data security is also crucial. Ensure that the provider adopts strict security measures to protect sensitive information.
Check their compliance with relevant laws, such as the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA). This compliance safeguards against legal issues.
Consider the ease of use of their system. A user-friendly interface simplifies the integration with existing processes.
Finally, assess the cost-effectiveness. Compare pricing models to find a provider that offers value and fits your budget.
Choosing the right provider involves careful analysis. Align their services with your business needs for optimal tenant screening results.
Keeping abreast of best practices in tenant screening ensures your methods remain effective and compliant. Continuous learning adapts to evolving industry standards and legal changes.
Subscribe to industry publications and newsletters. They provide valuable updates and insights on property management trends.
Participate in webinars and workshops. These events offer expert knowledge and practical tips on enhancing screening processes.
Networking with fellow property managers is beneficial. Sharing experiences and challenges can reveal new strategies.
Engage with professional associations in the real estate sector. They often provide resources and forums for discussing industry practices.
Commit to ongoing education for your team. Regular training sessions enhance skills and knowledge.
Staying current involves more than merely following trends. It's about adopting proven methods that improve efficiency and tenant selection.
Well-trained staff are key to executing effective background checks. Training ensures they understand both the process and legal implications involved.
Begin with comprehensive onboarding sessions. Teach new employees about your tenant screening policies and practices.
Provide periodic refresher courses. Regular updates keep staff informed about changes in laws or procedures.
Use real-life scenarios during training. Practical examples can clarify complex aspects of background checks.
Encourage staff to ask questions and provide feedback. Engaging dialogue improves understanding and process refinement.
Offer access to additional resources. Provide guides and online materials for employees to learn at their own pace.
Recognize training as an ongoing process. As the property management landscape evolves, so too should your team's skills.
Investing in staff training enhances the overall effectiveness of your tenant screening program. Knowledgeable employees ensure screenings are conducted with accuracy and compliance.
Background checks play a pivotal role in property management. They are fundamental to ensuring tenant quality and protecting investments.
A thorough screening process mitigates risks. It allows property managers to assess potential tenants accurately, reducing the likelihood of issues.
By providing insight into financial responsibility, background checks ensure reliable rent payments. They also spotlight potential red flags like past evictions.
Tenant background screening is about more than vetting. It helps create safer communities by identifying tenants who align with property standards.
Complying with legal standards during screening reinforces fairness and transparency. It safeguards against discrimination and legal disputes.
Additionally, a structured screening process enhances tenant relationships. Setting clear expectations from the outset builds trust and satisfaction.
Background checks are essential tools for maintaining property value and a harmonious living environment. They lay the foundation for prosperous property management.
Investing in effective background screening strategies yields long-term benefits. Property managers can expect reduced turnover and a positive community reputation.
Modern property management leverages background checks as a strategic asset. They guide informed decisions, ensuring optimal tenant selections.
As industry standards evolve, so too should your screening processes. Staying informed and adaptable is crucial for continued success.
Embrace the power of background checks to strengthen tenant selection and community quality. It's a vital aspect of successful property management.
In summary, background checks ensure that property investments are protected, communities are harmonious, and tenants are satisfied. They are indispensable to effective property management.
